D2
Grade Introduction:
D2 steel is an air-hardening, high-carbon, high-chromium tool steel. It has high wear and abrasion-resistant properties. It is heat treatable and will offer a hardness in the range of 55-62 HRC, and is machinable in the annealed condition. D2 steel shows little distortion on correct hardening. D2 steel’s high chromium content gives it mild corrosion-resisting properties in the hardened conditions.
A high carbon high chromium tool steel grade offering very high wear resistance and toughness. D2 tool steel hardens in air with a low order of movement and offers a measure of corrosion resistance when polished. Commonly used for tools operating under conditions of severe wear and abrasion or as an alternative to oil hardening tool steel grades when long runs are required.
Typical applications for D2 Steel
- Stamping or Forming Dies
- Punches
- Forming Rolls
- Knives, slitters, shear blades
- Tools
- Scrap choppers
- Tyre shredders
Equivalent materials to D2 tool steels are
- DIN 1.2379
- NI KU
- B.S. BD 2
- ASTM A681
- FED QQ-T-570
- SAE J437
- SAE J438
- UNS T30402
Our Supply Range
We supply to automotive ancillaries and OEM customers. The products we manufacture are used as input for manufacturing of automotive and general engineering components. These components are further assembled into systems fitted in automobiles and other engineering applications.
| Product Type | Size Range |
|---|---|
| Forged Round Bars | 140mm Dia to 850mm |
| Rolled Round Bars | 16mm Dia and above |
| Forged Flat Bars | Thickness: 32mm to 510mm, Width: 65mm to 1050mm |
| Rolled Flat Bars | Thickness: 6mm to 110mm, Width: 25mm to 510mm |
Chemical Composition
The following table shows the chemical composition of D2 steel:
Element |
C |
Si |
Mn |
P |
S |
Cr |
Mo |
Ni |
V |
Cu |
Co |
Content (%) |
1.40-1.60 |
0.60 |
0.60 |
0.03 |
0.03 |
11.00-13.00 |
0.70-1.20 |
0.30 |
1.10 |
0.25 |
1.00 |
Heat Treatment
Heat treatment temperatures, including the rate of heating, cooling, and soaking times will vary due to factors such as the shape and size of each D2 steel component. Other considerations during the heat treatment process include the type of furnace, quenching medium, and workpiece transfer facilities.
Hardness
62-63 HRC
Hardening
It is preferable to heat the tools in a controlled atmosphere. If this is not possible, pack hardening is recommended. A reducing atmosphere is desirable. Preheat the D2 tool steel component to 750-800°C. and allow soaking at this temperature. The tools may then be brought up to 1000-1040°C for air cooling, or 980°C for oil quenching. Soak thoroughly at the temperature for thirty minutes per 25mm of the ruling section, then cool or quench accordingly. It is important not to exceed 1040°C when heating for hardening.
Thermal Properties
The following table shows the thermal properties of D2 steels.
Properties |
Conditions |
– |
– |
T (°C) |
Treatment |
– |
– |
Thermal expansion |
10.4 x 10-6/ºC |
20-100 |
– |
Forging Properties
Forging of D2 steels can be done from 1065ºC (1950ºF) down to 954ºC (1750ºF). Do not forge below 926ºC (1700ºF).
Stress Relieving
When tools made from D2 tool steel are heavily machined, ground, or otherwise subjected to cold work, the relief of internal strains is advisable before hardening to minimize the possibility of distortion. Stress relieving should be done after rough machining. To stress relief, heat the component to 600-650°C. Soak well and cool in the furnace or in the air. The tools may then be finish machined before hardening.
Machinability
50-60% of a 1% carbon steel
Welding
- With all tool steels, the first weld consideration should be does the weld requires the same hardness as the base.
- Is the metal to be welded in the annealed or hardened condition.
- Use lowest possible weld current, (smallest electrode diameter)
- No weaves use stringer beads.
- Peen each weld after completion,
- Ensure parts are clean.
- Avoid excess joint restraints.
Mechanical Properties
The mechanical properties of D2 steels are tabulated below:
Mechanical Properties |
Metric |
Imperial |
Hardness, Knoop (converted from Rockwell C hardness) |
769 |
769 |
Hardness, Rockwell C |
62 |
62 |
Hardness, Vickers |
748 |
748 |
Izod impact unnotched |
77.0 J |
56.8 ft-lb |
Poisson’s ratio |
0.27-0.30 |
0.27-0.30 |
Elastic modulus |
190-210 GPa |
27557-30457 ksi |
Physical Properties
The physical properties of D2 tool steels are outlined in the following table.
Properties |
Metric |
Imperial |
Density |
7.7 x 1000 kg/m3 |
0.278 lb/in3 |
Melting point |
1421°C |
2590°F |
Tempering
Double tempering is recommended. Tempering of D2 tool steel should be done with the least possible delay after hardening, preferably when the tools still hand warm. Select a suitable tempering temperature, bearing in mind the service requirements. Heat slowly and uniformly. When the D2 component has reached the desired temperature, soak for at least one hour per 25mm of section. The second tempering should be a repetition of the first.
Temperature [°C] |
150 |
200 |
250 |
300 |
350 |
400 |
Hardness [HRc] |
62-61 |
61-60 |
60-59 |
57-56 |
56-55 |
56-55 |
Normalizing
High carbon high chromium steels are used for cold-work applications and they are practically free from distortion. With faster cooling, chances of stress may cause distortion. So, normalizing should be avoided. Normalizing is also not needed as martensitic formation takes place even in furnace cooling so is also not needed.
Annealing
D2 is supplied in the annealed and machinable condition. Re-annealing will only be necessary if the steel has been forged or hardened by the toolmaker. To anneal, heat slowly and uniformly to 900°C. Soak for three to four hours and allow to cool in the furnace to room temperature. Re-heat to 800-1040°C and again soak for three to four hours. Allow cooling in the furnace to room temperature.
Density
Properties |
Metric |
Imperial |
Density |
7.7 x 1000 kg/m3 |
0.278 lb/in3 |
Supply Cities
Ambattur, Bangalore, Chennai, Coimbatore, Dindigul, Guindy, Madurai, Nellore, Hyderabad, Tirupur, Tuticorin, Madurai, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Puducherry, Kerala, Kanyakumari, Telangana, Salem, Thanjavur, Trichy, Erode, Vellore, Karur, Nagercoil, Kanchipuram, Karaikudi, Pudukottai, Nagapattinam.
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Addition to other grades
MS, EN1A, EN3B, EN8, EN8D, EN9, EN19, EN24, EN31, EN32B, EN36C, EN41B, EN43B, EN47, EN353, IS2062, 42Crmo4, HCHCR, D2, D3, H-11, H-13, CW-1, OHNS, M2, M35, M42, DIN1.2714, P20, P20+S, P20+Ni, SCM420, ASTMSA-36, ASTMSA-105, SAE1018, SAE4140, SAE8620, 16MNCR5, 20MNCR5, C20, C45, C50, C60, CK45, 20C8, 40C8, 45C8, 55C8, C55MN75, SAE52100, S40C, S355J2G3.
